Coach Kennedy, an employee of the Bremerton School District, knelt and prayed midfield immediately after coaching his players’ football game.

Coach Kennedy knelt and prayed in full view of his students, the opposing school’s team and coaches, and in full view of the watching public in the stands.

Coach Kennedy was still on duty and still “on the clock” as a public school employee when he knelt and prayed.

Not surprisingly, the Bremerton School District leadership grew increasingly concerned about Coach Kennedy’s religious activities as opposing coaches and others took notice.  Particularly concerned that the public could think the District approved of his religious activity, the District determined that it must stop his public prayers or face a potential First Amendment claim. The First Amendment’s Establishment Clause prohibits a school district from “establishing” a religion, i.e., endorsing, promoting, favoring, or advancing one religion over another, or allowing a school employee to do the same in his capacity as a representative of the school.

After he lost his job over the issue, Kennedy brought a case asserting his free speech and freedom of religion rights. His case eventually made its way to the United States Supreme Court and the Court recently ruled that the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment protect Coach Kennedy’s right to pray midfield after football games, even when on the job as a public school employee.  While this ruling is an important victory for Kennedy personally, this ruling also represents a significant victory for all Christian educators living out their faith as ambassadors for Christ in public schools! 

By ruling in Coach Kennedy’s favor, the Court returned First Amendment interpretation and application to its original meaning based upon history, tradition, and the intent of the Founding Fathers. In that regard, the Court rejected the notion that the Establishment Clause warrants cleansing the public schools of any appearance of religion. Instead, the Court affirmed the Founding Fathers’ intent that the First Amendment ensures freedom of religion, not freedom from religion, even on the public school campus.

As the Court analyzed the case, two notable issues rose to the forefront:

The first issue relates to the nature of the speech, i.e., did Coach Kennedy’s prayers constitute government speech or private speech? As to that issue, the Court found that his prayers constituted private speech and not government speech, even though his prayers occurred “on the clock” while still engaged in his school duties. The Court explained that Kennedy’s prayers were not ordinarily the type of speech expected within the course of his job duties and he certainly was not seeking to communicate a school message. To conclude otherwise “would be to allow public employers to use ‘excessively broad job descriptions’ to subvert the Constitution” by characterizing every word uttered by an employee as government speech.  

The second issue relates to competing interests, i.e., even if Kennedy’s prayers represent private speech, does the District nevertheless have an important interest that outweighs the Coach’s private speech rights? As to that issue, the Court noted that the District allowed other school employees to attend to private matters while still on duty at school. Thus, to discipline Coach Kennedy for likewise attending to private matters solely because his private matters related to religion was viewpoint discrimination doubly wrong under the Free Speech and Free Exercise Clauses of the First Amendment. As the Court wrote, “[t]hat the First Amendment doubly protects religious speech is no accident. It is a natural outgrowth of the framers’ distrust of government attempts to regulate religion and suppress dissent.”  

The Court’s ruling on these two issues represents an important acknowledgment that public schools are not religion-free zones and educators do not forfeit their religious liberties by accepting a job with the local school district.

Finally, in response to concerns raised in the case that Coach Kennedy’s demonstrable prayer activity on the field might coerce other students to participate, i.e., to follow the lead of their coach, the Court concluded that his “private religious exercise did not come close to crossing any line one might imagine separating protected private expression from impermissible government coercion.” Certainly, many cases involve factual gray areas related to purported coercion or indoctrination, and the Court acknowledged that the Justices sometimes disagree on what qualifies as impermissible coercion in light of the original meaning of the Establishment Clause. But as the Court reiterated, the Establishment Clause does not allow the District to purge the public sphere of everything an observer might perceive as endorsing or relating to religion in violation of their employees’ free speech and freedom of religion rights. 

 So, what are some of the implications for Christian educators going forward?

1. Be encouraged. The Supreme Court and the law support the exercise of religion and free speech by educators on the public school campus. While the district can certainly moderate such activities with reasonable time, place, and manner considerations, they cannot shut down all private expressions simply by raising an Establishment Clause concern.
2. Be emboldened. The Supreme Court and the law support academic freedom and provide confidence to overcome temptations of self-censorship. In fact, the Court in Kennedy acknowledged that censoring offensive speech “would undermine a long constitutional tradition under which learning how to tolerate diverse expressive activities has always been ‘part of learning how to live in a pluralistic society.’”  
3. Be energized! The Supreme Court and the law support the right of Christian educators to live out their faith in meaningful ways even while on the clock at school. And while the Establishment Clause still prohibits educators from “establishing” a religion on campus, you can more confidently share personal testimonies when asked, pray alone or with colleagues as the Lord gives opportunity, and even examine diverse worldviews – including the Christian worldview – in class content.  

 As Coach Kennedy recently stated in response to the Supreme Court’s decision: 

I hope it means that our public school teachers and coaches don’t have to hide their faith from view….